Summary

"Napoleon's Buttons: How 17 Molecules Changed History" explores the profound and often unrecognized influence of chemical structures on the course of human civilization. Authors Penny Le Couteur and Jay Burreson present a fascinating narrative that links seemingly disparate historical events to the properties and applications of specific molecules. The book transcends a mere history of chemistry, instead offering a unique perspective on chemistry in history.

The book delves into the stories of seventeen molecules, or groups of molecules, examining how they have been pivotal in shaping exploration, trade, health, and warfare. From the seemingly insignificant tin buttons that may have contributed to Napoleon's downfall in Russia to the antimalarial properties of quinine that facilitated European colonization, the authors illustrate how chemical structures have been instrumental in shaping world events.

Individual chapters highlight the unique stories of various molecules, including isoeugenol from nutmeg, which influenced exploration and exploitation during the spice trade; cellulose from cotton, which fueled the Industrial Revolution and expanded slavery in America; and quinine, DDT and hemoglobin in the fight against malaria. The book also discusses man-made compounds like synthetic dyes and plastics. Each molecule's story reveals how small alterations in chemical structure can lead to enormous differences in properties and, in turn, influence the course of history.

Le Couteur and Burreson emphasize the importance of understanding chemical structures to appreciate the interwoven relationship between chemistry and history. They clarify complex chemical concepts and notations, making the science accessible to a broad audience. The authors also explore the role of serendipity in chemical discoveries and highlight the contributions of unusual and driven individuals who have shaped the world through their chemical innovations.

Ultimately, "Napoleon's Buttons" offers a compelling argument for recognizing the essential role of chemical structures in the development of society, demonstrating that even the smallest molecules can have a momentous impact on human civilization, for better or for worse.