Summary

"Utilitarianism" by John Stuart Mill, edited by George Sher, explores the utilitarian theory of ethics, asserting that actions are right as they promote happiness and wrong as they produce the reverse. Mill defines happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain, contending that these are the only things desirable as ends. The essay addresses common criticisms of utilitarianism, such as its perceived impracticality and its potential conflict with moral intuitions.

Mill argues against the notion that utilitarianism is a doctrine worthy only of swine, emphasizing that human beings are capable of higher pleasures than mere sensation. He distinguishes between the quality and quantity of pleasures, asserting that those who have experienced both generally prefer mental over bodily pleasures. Mill defends the importance of cultivating nobleness of character, stating that it ultimately benefits society, even if individual nobility does not always lead to personal happiness.

The text further discusses the role of sanctions in enforcing morality, both external (fear of displeasure from others or God) and internal (conscience). Mill argues that the principle of utility can align with these sanctions, fostering a sense of unity among individuals. He addresses objections related to time constraints in calculating consequences, asserting that mankind has accumulated knowledge through experience over time. He also deals with the charge that utilitarianism is a godless doctrine, arguing that it is profoundly religious if God desires the happiness of His creatures.

Mill delves into the connection between justice and utility, defining justice as a set of moral rules essential for human well-being. He explores various interpretations of justice, including respecting legal rights, fulfilling moral rights, and ensuring that individuals receive what they deserve. He harmonizes utility with moral sense by stating that the desire to punish those who do harm, combined with the understanding of which actions are morally reprehensible, is how humans can maximize overall happiness.

Finally, Mill defends capital punishment in cases of aggravated murder, asserting that a quick death is more humane than life imprisonment, while also serving as a deterrent. He acknowledges the risk of error in administering the death penalty, but argues that this risk can be minimized through rigorous standards of evidence. Overall, "Utilitarianism" provides a comprehensive defense of the utilitarian ethical framework, addressing criticisms and exploring its implications for individual conduct and social policy.