Summary

In "Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism," Susan Jacoby delivers a sweeping account of secular thought in the United States, exploring the intellectual and social currents that have challenged religious authority from the Revolution to the present day. She argues that secularism has been a vital, though often overlooked, force in American history, contributing to the nation's commitment to individual liberty and social progress. Jacoby challenges the notion that America was founded as a Christian nation, highlighting the secularist views of many of the Founding Fathers, including Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. She contends that these figures championed a secular government to protect freedom of conscience for all citizens, regardless of their religious beliefs.

Jacoby traces the evolution of American freethought through the 19th century, examining the contributions of prominent skeptics, agnostics, and atheists. She discusses the abolitionist movement, highlighting figures like William Lloyd Garrison and Ernestine Rose, who challenged the religious justifications for slavery and advocated for women's rights. Jacoby also explores the impact of Darwinian evolution on American thought, examining the conflict between science and religion in the late 19th century. She profiles Robert Ingersoll, the "Great Agnostic," who popularized freethought through his eloquent speeches and writings, advocating for reason, individualism, and social justice.

The book examines the culture wars of the 20th century, focusing on the rise of religious conservatism and its impact on American politics and culture. Jacoby discusses the Scopes Trial, the Red Scare, and the role of religion in the civil rights movement. She analyzes the career of Madalyn Murray O'Hair, a controversial atheist who challenged religious practices in public schools. Jacoby also explores the ongoing debate over abortion, highlighting the clash between secular and religious values in the fight for reproductive rights.

Jacoby emphasizes the importance of defending secularism in contemporary America, arguing that the rise of religious fundamentalism poses a threat to individual liberties and democratic values. She examines the role of religion in the Bush White House and the ongoing debate over faith-based initiatives. Jacoby calls for a restoration of secularism to its rightful place in American historical memory, arguing that it is essential for protecting freedom of thought, promoting social progress, and ensuring a just and equitable society. Ultimately, "Freethinkers" is a call to recognize and celebrate the rich history of secularism in America, and to defend its principles in an increasingly polarized and religiously charged world.