Summary

Martin Luther's "De Servo Arbitrio," also known as "On the Enslaved Will" or "The Bondage of the Will," is a profound theological treatise that delves into the complex relationship between divine sovereignty and human free will. Written in response to Erasmus of Rotterdam's "Diatribe on Free Will," Luther's work is a rigorous and systematic articulation of his views on the nature of human agency in salvation. Luther asserts that human will is not free in its relationship to God, particularly concerning spiritual matters. He argues that since the Fall, human beings are enslaved to sin, and their wills are inherently inclined toward evil. Consequently, individuals are incapable of choosing God or contributing to their salvation through their own efforts.

Luther meticulously dissects Erasmus' arguments, challenging the notion that humans can initiate or cooperate in their salvation. He emphasizes that salvation is entirely God's work, initiated and completed by divine grace alone. Luther contends that God's sovereignty extends to all things, including the human will, and nothing occurs outside of His divine plan. He supports his claims with extensive scriptural references, interpreting biblical passages to demonstrate that God's will is immutable and that He foreknows and ordains all events. The treatise emphasizes that faith itself is a gift from God, not a result of human choice. Therefore, the capacity to believe and accept salvation is also dependent on divine grace.

Luther critiques Erasmus' reliance on reason and philosophy, arguing that these tools are inadequate for understanding divine mysteries. He advocates for a humble acceptance of God's revealed word in Scripture, even when it seems to contradict human logic or experience. Luther warns against the dangers of pride and self-reliance, urging believers to recognize their complete dependence on God's mercy. Throughout the book, Luther addresses the implications of his doctrine for Christian living, including humility, prayer, and reliance on God's promises. He stresses that acknowledging the enslaved will does not lead to fatalism or moral indifference but rather to a deeper appreciation of God's grace and a more fervent pursuit of holiness.

The treatise also contains critiques on the state of theology at the time, especially aimed at those whom Luther thought were giving people a false sense of assurance based on the works of men instead of the sovereign power of God. Luther’s response to Erasmus is not only a defense of his own views but also a broader commentary on the essential tenets of the Reformation. It underscores the importance of sola gratia (grace alone) and sola scriptura (Scripture alone) as the foundation of Christian faith and doctrine. Luther’s assertive and often polemical style reflects his unwavering conviction in the truth of his message and his commitment to challenging what he saw as dangerous errors.

Ultimately, "De Servo Arbitrio" offers a comprehensive exploration of the theological underpinnings of the Reformation, inviting readers to consider the radical implications of divine sovereignty for human existence and salvation. It provides insight into the mind of one of history's most influential theologians and remains a significant contribution to the ongoing discussion of free will and determinism.