Summary
"Small Is Beautiful" by E.F. Schumacher is a critique of modern economics and technology, advocating for a more human-centered and environmentally conscious approach to development. Schumacher challenges the prevailing belief that 'the problem of production' has been solved, arguing instead that the modern world's focus on economic growth and technological advancement is unsustainable and leads to social and ecological degradation. He emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between income and capital, particularly natural capital like fossil fuels and living nature, which are being depleted at alarming rates.
The book explores the philosophical and religious underpinnings of Western man's attitude towards nature, arguing that modern society's perception of itself as separate from and destined to dominate nature is a dangerous illusion. Schumacher contrasts this with a more holistic view, drawing on Buddhist economics to advocate for simplicity, non-violence, and the integration of ethics into economic thinking. He proposes that work should be meaningful and fulfilling, not merely a means to material wealth, and that technology should be designed to enhance human capabilities rather than replace them.
Schumacher champions the idea of 'intermediate technology,' which is cheap enough for everyone to access, suitable for small-scale application, and compatible with human creativity. He argues that such technology can promote decentralization, self-reliance, and a more sustainable relationship between man and nature. The book also addresses the question of scale, advocating for smaller, more manageable units in both cities and nations, and emphasizing the importance of regional development to counter the negative effects of mass transport and communications.
The author delves into the role of economics, criticizing its narrow focus on monetary profit and its neglect of non-economic values such as beauty, health, and cleanliness. He argues that economics must be grounded in a broader meta-economic framework that considers both human nature and the environment. Schumacher calls for a reorientation of science and technology towards the organic, the gentle, the non-violent, the elegant, and the beautiful, and emphasizes the need for education to transmit values and wisdom, not just technical know-how. Ultimately, 'Small Is Beautiful' is a call for a fundamental shift in attitudes and implements, urging readers to embrace a life-style designed for permanence and to seek harmony with nature, fellow men, and the Higher Powers.